Regional cooperation and health diplomacy in Africa: from intra-colonial exchanges to multilateral health institutions / Cooperação regional e diplomacia sanitária na África: dos intercâmbios intracoloniais às instituições multilaterais de saúde

Abstract Tracing the pathways of cooperation in health in sub-Saharan Africa from hesitant exchanges to institutionalized dimensions from the 1920s to the early 1960s, this article addresses regional dynamics in health diplomacy which have so far been under-researched. The evolution thereof from early beginnings with the League of Nations Health Organization to the Commission for Technical Assistance South of the Sahara and the World Health Organization's Regional Office for Africa, shows how bilateral dimensions were superseded by WHO's multilateral model of regional cooperation in health. Alignments, divergences, and outcomes are explored with respect to the strategies and policies pursued by colonial powers and independent African states regarding inter-regional relations, and their implications for public health and epidemiological interventions.

Resumo Trilhando os caminhos da cooperação sanitária na África subsaariana, de intercâmbios incertos a dimensões institucionalizadas dos anos 1920 até início dos anos 1960, este artigo aborda a dinâmica regional na diplomacia sanitária que, até o momento, carece de pesquisas. A evolução, desde os primórdios da Organização da Saúde da Liga das Nações até a Cooperação Técnica na África Subsaariana e o Escritório Regional da África da OMS, demonstra como dimensões bilaterais foram substituídas pelo modelo multilateral da OMS de cooperação sanitária regional. São analisados alinhamentos, divergências e resultados de estratégias e políticas empregados por potências coloniais e Estados africanos independentes em relações inter-regionais, bem como suas implicações em intervenções epidemiológicas e de saúde pública.

Diez años de la Alianza Latinoamericana de Salud Global: una iniciativa pionera / Ten years of the latin american global health alliance: a pioneering initiative

Este artículo presenta una síntesis sinóptica de los fundamentos teóricos y la praxis de la Alianza Latinoamericana de Salud Global ­ALASAG­ al cumplir 10 años desde su creación. En él se expone tanto los antecedentes como las diversas actividades realizadas de manera colaborativa e integrada por esta Alianza conformada por 10 instituciones académicas líderes en salud pública que realizan programas de docencia, investigación y relaciones con los entornos nacionales e internacional en Salud Global. Una iniciativa prioritaria a partir del año 2010 ha sido la realización de 6 congresos de alcance e impacto internacional en diferentes países, docencia tanto de pre como de postgrado y recientemente la ejecución de proyectos en temas prioritarios. Igualmente, ALASAG ha participado en congresos y reuniones internacionaes y establecido valiosas colaboraciones con organismos de Naciones Unidas tales como OMS y OPS, multilaterales latinoamericanos y bilaterales a nivel global. El artículo plantea igualmente, según opinión de los autores, las fortalezas y debilidades experimentadas por esta Alianza durante sus 10 años de existencia, y concluye señalando los desafíos en término de las políticas, programas, innovación, investigación y formación de recursos humano, frente a la nueva realidad de salud, social, política y económica que enfrentan nuestros países durante esta pandemia y en la post pandemia. (AU)

This article gives a synoptic synthesis of the theoretical foundations and praxis of the Latin American Alliance for Global Health, or ALASAG - an acronym based on the name of the group in Spanish ­ to mark its 10th anniversary. The authors present the context of the Alliance's creation and the various collaborati-ve and integrative activities carried out by ALASAG, which is made up of ten leading academic public health institution that are dedicated to teaching, researching, and forging relationships with both national and international entities to promote the field of Global Health.Since 2010, Alliance's priorities have included organizing six international global health conferences in different countries, teaching undergraduate and postgradua-te students, and mosty recently, conducting research on priority issues. Similarly, ALASAG has participated in international congresses and meetings and has establi-shed valuable collaborations with United Nations organizations, such as WHO and PAHO, as well as multilateral Latin American and global bilteral partnerships.Finally, the article explores ALASAG's strengths and weaknesses that have been iden-tifed over the past decade, and in light of the new health, social, political, and eco-nomic realities brought on by the pandemic, the article concludes by pointing out the challenges, in the areas of policy-making, program implementation, innovation, research, and capacity building, that our countries will face going foward. (AU)

Sistema Informático para la Gestión de Información referente a la Colaboración Médica / Medical Collaboration Information Management Computer System

La revolución cubana no esperó su desarrollo económico y consolidación política para comenzar a brindar ayuda internacionalista en el campo de la salud. El número de colaboradores y de países donde se brinda esta labor se ha incrementado en grandes cifras. En la Dirección Provincial de Salud de Ciego de Ávila se maneja un elevado volumen de información de los trabajadores de la salud, a partir del cual se realizan análisis en diferentes escenarios para determinar la disponibilidad de estos trabajadores, este proceso resulta engorroso y deficiente desarrollarlo manualmente. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo desarrollar un sistema informático, a partir del empleo de bases de datos y tecnología Web, para aminorar estas insuficiencias en la provincia. A partir de la implementación de este sistema, la Dirección Provincial de Salud cuenta con una herramienta capaz de gestionar información referente a la colaboración médica, la cual funciona correctamente(AU)

The Cuban revolution did not wait for its economic development and political consolidation to begin providing international help in the health field. The number of collaborators and countries where this work is provided has increased in large numbers. In the Provincial Health Directorate of Ciego de Ávila, a high volume of health workers information is handled, from which analysis are carried out in different scenarios, this process is cumbersome and difficult to develop manually. This research aims to develop a computer system, based on the use of databases and Web technology, to reduce these deficiencies in the province. As of the implementation of this system, the Provincial Health Directorate has a tool capable of managing information related to medical collaboration, which works correctly(AU)

La Cruz Roja, el panamericanismo y la salud en el período de entreguerras / The Red Cross, Pan-Americanism and health in the inter-war period

RESUMEN La Cruz Roja, organismo internacional originalmente organizado en Europa, provocó la formación de sociedades nacionales en distintos países latinoamericanos bajo los principios humanitarios y neutrales relacionados con el tratamiento de prisioneros en épocas de conflictos bélicos. Luego de la Primera Guerra Mundial y bajo la influencia estadounidense, se impulsaron la Liga de las Sociedades de la Cruz Roja para el diseño y aplicación de acciones sanitarias y sociales en tiempos de paz. A partir de ese impulso, en la década de 1920 y 1930, se realizaron congresos panamericanos en Buenos Aires, Washington y Río de Janeiro que dispusieron una agenda coincidente con los principios de esta organización internacional que, a su vez, permitieron unificar las élites, los organismos estatales y privados de diferentes ámbitos en pos de la intervención sobre diferentes sectores sociales.

ABSTRACT The Red Cross, an international organization originally founded in Europe, promoted in different Latin American countries the formation of national societies under the humanitarian and neutral principles in relation to the treatment of prisoners in times of armed conflicts. After the First World War and under the influence of the United States, the League of the Red Cross Societies was fostered to design and apply sanitary and social actions in times of peace. Based on that boost, different Pan-American Congresses were held in the twenties and thirties in Buenos Aires, Washington and Rio de Janeiro, which had an agenda that coincided with the principles of this international organization and, at the same time, allowed the elites and the state and private organisms of different fields to unify in pursuit of intervening in different social sectors.

Los primeros internacionalistas que conocí / The first internationalists

Relato de perfil histórico a manera de crónica que describe como comenzó y alcanzó importante papel la presencia en Cuba de personal profesional de la salud que trabajó como colaboradores internacionalistas en momentos en que se producía lo que llamamos el "éxodo médico", o sea la emigración inducida por los enemigos de la Revolución creando problemas en la cobertura y calidad de los servicios de salud. La fuente principal para identificar nombres, nacionalidad y lugar de trabajo fue un artículo en la revista Tribuna Médica de Cuba, órgano oficial del Colegio Médico Nacional, el conocimiento del autor de no pocos de éstos internacionalistas y consultas realizadas con colegas que conocieron de estas circunstancias. Se distinguen los voluntarios que por decisión personal vinieron a Cuba y los que aceptaron voluntariamente venir en el marco de las relaciones intergubernamentales de sus países con Cuba. Entre los primeros todos los de países de América y de Europa Occidental. Los segundos de Europa Oriental(AU)

Historical profile report as a chronicle that describes how the presence in Cuba of professional health personnel who worked as internationalist collaborators at a time when what we call the "medical exodus", that is, emigration, began and reached an important role. induced by the enemies of the Revolution creating problems in the coverage and quality of health services. The main source to identify names, nationality and place of work was an article in the magazine Tribuna Médica de Cuba, official organ of the National Medical Association, the author's knowledge of not a few of these internationalists and consultations with colleagues who knew about these circumstances . Volunteers who came to Cuba by personal decision and those who voluntarily agreed to come within the framework of the intergovernmental relations of their countries with Cuba are distinguished. Among the first all of countries of America and Western Europe. The seconds of Eastern Europe(AU)

El espíritu de Baraguá en la medicina cubana / The spirit of Baraguá in Cuban medicine

Introducción: Baraguá representa la intransigencia revolucionaria del pueblo cubano y en este hecho se demostraron muchos de los valores humanos que siguen hoy los médicos cubanos en su diaria labor. Objetivos: caracterizar el contexto histórico de la Protesta de Baraguá y explicar su influencia en la labor de los médicos cubanos en la actualidad, utilizándose el método lógico-histórico y analítico-sintético. Métodos: se emplearon los métodos histórico-lógico y analítico-sintético para analizar los documentos y bibliografías sobre el tema. Resultados: se presenta un acercamiento a la vigencia que tuvo, tiene y tendrá el pensamiento y accionar de Antonio Maceo, junto a los patriotas que lo acompañaron, en el 138 aniversario de la Protesta de Baraguá. La contribución de su pensamiento revolucionario, como fuente inagotable de lecciones, revive el principio de que el futuro de la patria cubana será un eterno Baraguá que incluye el destino de nuestra práctica médica cotidiana. Conclusiones: los médicos cubanos honran el ejemplo de Antonio Maceo, cumplen con su labor diaria y las disímiles tareas que en materia de internacionalismo les son otorgadas. La disciplina, preparación y constancia de los trabajadores de la salud cubanos, unidos a sus principios de solidaridad, humanismo, valor y compromiso son el legado de los patriotas que como en Baraguá, hicieron frente a las injusticias hacia la patria cubana.(AU)

Introduction: Baraguá represents the revolutionary intransigence of the Cuban people, and in this event they showed many of the human values ​​that today the Cuban doctors follow in their daily work. Objectives: To characterize the historical context of the Protest of Baraguá and to explain its influence on the work of Cuban doctors today, using the logical-historical and analytical-synthetic method. Methods: Historical-logical and analytical-synthetic methods were used to analyze documents and bibliography on the subject. Results: An approach to the validity that the thought and action of Antonio Maceo have had, have and will have, along with those of the patriots who accompanied him, on the 138th anniversary of the Protest of Baraguá. The contribution of his revolutionary thought, as an inexhaustible source of lessons, revives the principle that the future of the Cuban fatherland will be an eternal Baraguá that includes the fate of our daily medical practice. Conclusions: Cuban doctors honor the example of Antonio Maceo, fulfill their daily work and the different tasks oriented in the field of internationalism. The discipline, training and perseverance of Cuban health workers, together with their principles of solidarity, humanism, courage and commitment, are the legacy of the patriots who, as in Baraguá, faced injustice against the Cuban homeland(AU)

Fidel: paradigma de los médicos cubanos / Fidel: the Cuban doctors' paradigm

Se revisan documentos relacionados con el desarrollo de la salud pública cubana después del triunfo de la Revolución y la ayuda a otros pueblos del mundo. Se constata la participación directa del Comandante en Jefe Fidel Castro Ruz en muchos de los logros alcanzados por Cuba en materia de salud y en la práctica del internacionalismo proletario. Asimismo, se demuestra que la voluntad revolucionaria de un hombre como Fidel pudo movilizar la conciencia humana por un mundo mejor

Documents related to the development of the Cuban public health after the victory of the Revolution and the help to other countries are reviewed. The Commander in Chief Fidel Castro Ruz direct participation is verified in many of the achievements reached by Cuba regarding health and in the practice of the proletarian internationalism. Also, it is demonstrated that the revolutionary will of a man as Fidel could mobilize the human conscience for a better world

South-South cooperation in health: bringing in theory, politics, history, and social justice / A cooperação Sul-Sul em saúde: trazendo perspectivas teóricas, políticas, históricas e de justiça social / Cooperación Sur-Sur en salud: aportando perspectivas teóricas, políticas, históricas y de justicia social

Abstract: Since the mid-2000s, the practice of South-South cooperation in health (SSC) has attracted growing attention among policymakers, health and foreign affairs ministries, global health agencies, and scholars from a range of fields. But the South-South label elucidates little about the actual content of the cooperation and conflates the "where" with the "who, what, how, and why". While there have been some attempts to theorize global health diplomacy and South-South cooperation generally, these efforts do not sufficiently distinguish among the different kinds of practices and political values that fall under the South-South rubric, ranging from economic and geopolitical interests to social justice forms of solidarity. In the spirit of deepening theoretical, historical, and social justice analyses of SSC, this article: (1) critically revisits international relations theories that seek to explain SSC, exploring Marxian and other heterodox theories ignored in the mainstream literature; (2) traces the historical provenance of a variety of forms of SSC; and (3) introduces the concept of social justice-oriented South-South.

Resumo: Desde meados da primeira década do século XXI, a cooperação Sul-Sul em saúde (CSS) vem atraindo cada vez mais atenção entre gestores, ministérios da saúde e das relações exteriores, agências de saúde global, e pesquisadores de diversas disciplinas. Não obstante, o uso do termo "Sul-Sul" para caracterizar essa prática explica pouco sobre o conteúdo da cooperação, além de misturar o "onde?" com o "quem, quê, como e por quê?". Já houve algumas tentativas de teorizar a diplomacia da saúde global e a cooperação Sul-Sul geralmente, mas esses esforços têm sido insuficientes no sentido de distinguir as diversas práticas e valores políticos sob a rubrica Sul- Sul, desde os intereses econômicos e geopolíticos até a solidariedade e a justiça social. No espírito de aprofundar as análises políticas, teóricas, históricas, e de justiça social nas discussões sobre a CSS, o artigo: (1) revisita criticamente as teorias de relações internacionais que podem explicar a CSS, explorando teorias en la tradição Marxista e heterodoxas ignoradas na literatura convencional; (2) identifica as origens históricas das diferentes formas dessa cooperação; e (3) introduz o conceito da cooperação Sul-Sul orientada a la justiça social.

Resumen: Desde mediados de los años 2000, la práctica de la cooperación Sur-Sur en salud (CSS) ha recibido una creciente atención entre formuladores de políticas, ministerios de salud y de asuntos exteriores, organismos internacionales de salud y académicos provenientes de un gran abanico de campos científicos. Sin embargo, la denominación cooperación Sur-Sur poco dilucida acerca del contenido real de la cooperación y mezcla el "dónde" con el "quién, qué, cómo, y el por qué". A pesar de que han habido algunos intentos de teorizar sobre la diplomacia en la salud global y la cooperación Sur-Sur en general, estos esfuerzos no han identificado de manera suficiente los distintos tipos de prácticas y los diferentes valores políticos que caen en la rúbrica de CSS, y que incluyen desde los intereses económicos y geopolíticos hasta las formas de solidaridad fieles a la justicia social. Con el ánimo de ahondar en los análisis políticos, teóricos, históricos y de justicia social de la CSS, este artículo: (1) vuelve a examinar críticamente las teorías sobre las relaciones internacionales que intentan explicar la CSS, explorando teorías en la tradición Marxista y otras teorías heterodoxas, que han sido ignoradas en la literatura convencional; (2) rastrea los orígenes históricos de distintas formas de CSS; y (3) presenta el concepto de cooperación Sur-Sur orientada por la justicia social.

A década de Alma-Ata: a crise do desenvolvimento e a saúde internacional / The Alma-Ata Decade: the crisis of development and international health

O presente trabalho analisa as formulações da saúde internacional na altura da realização da Conferencia Internacional sobre Atenção Primaria de Saúde, em 1978, em Alma-Ata, no Cazaquistão, inserindo-as no debate mais geral sobre o desenvolvimento e a cooperação internacional ao longo da década de 1970. Foram mobilizados três conjuntos de concepções e formulações prescritivas sobre o desenvolvimento e a cooperação: a Nova Ordem Econômica Internacional (NOEI); o Informe Dag Hammarskjöld (IDH) e a Abordagem das Necessidades Humanas Básicas (NHB). Em seguida elas foram cotejadas com as proposições presentes nos documentos da Organização Mundial de Saúde e nos pronunciamentos de Halfdan Mahler, seu diretor. Como um todo, esse elenco de formulações e propostas compartilham um largo espectro de termos e noções, assim como boa parte das expectativas de mudança e das tensões presentes nos últimos anos da época clássica do desenvolvimento do pós-segunda guerra.

Viajes y redes profesionales en los orígenes del alienismo español / Travel and professional networks in the origins of Spanish psychiatry

Resumen Este artículo examina la importancia de los viajes y las redes profesionales en los orígenes de la psiquiatría en España. Tras una revisión de los antecedentes ilustrados y los periplos terapéuticos y profesionales en el primer alienismo, se describen los desplazamientos a instituciones psiquiátricas extranjeras, durante el segundo tercio del siglo XIX, de un grupo de médicos exiliados, comisionados y pioneros españoles. Posteriormente, con su afianzamiento social, institucional y profesional, algunas figuras de la medicina mental española estrecharon sus vínculos y su proyección internacional organizando o asistiendo a congresos y otros eventos científicos. Su caso ilustra así el importante papel desempeñado por las relaciones internacionales y las redes científicas y profesionales en la difusión de los discursos y prácticas psiquiátricas.

Abstract This article examines the importance of travel and professional networks in the origins of Spanish psychiatry. After reviewing the early alienists’ Enlightenment predecessors and their therapeutic and professional trajectories, it describes the trips to foreign psychiatric institutions made during the second third of the nineteenth century by a group of exiled Spanish doctors, commissioners and pioneers. Later, as they became more socially, institutionally and professionally established, some figures of Spanish psychological medicine cultivated their connections and international profile by organizing or attending conferences and other scientific events. This case illustrates the important role of international relations and scientific and professional networks in the spread of psychiatric discourses and practices.

The Einstein-Brazil Fogarty: A decade of synergy

Abstract A rich, collaborative program funded by the US NIH Fogarty program in 2004 has provided for a decade of remarkable opportunities for scientific advancement through the training of Brazilian undergraduate, graduate and postdoctoral students from the Federal University and Oswaldo Cruz Foundation systems at Albert Einstein College of Medicine. The focus of the program has been on the development of trainees in the broad field of Infectious Diseases, with a particular focus on diseases of importance to the Brazilian population. Talented trainees from various regions in Brazil came to Einstein to learn techniques and study fungal, parasitic and bacterial pathogens. In total, 43 trainees enthusiastically participated in the program. In addition to laboratory work, these students took a variety of courses at Einstein, presented their results at local, national and international meetings, and productively published their findings. This program has led to a remarkable synergy of scientific discovery for the participants during a time of rapid acceleration of the scientific growth in Brazil. This collaboration between Brazilian and US scientists has benefitted both countries and serves as a model for future training programs between these countries.

Contribuição do Projeto HOPE para a configuração da identidade profissional das primeiras enfermeiras alagoanas, 1973 a 1977 / Project HOPE contribution to the setting up of the professional identity of the first nurses from Alagoas, 1973-1977 / Contribución del Proyecto HOPE para la formación de la identidad profesional de las primeras enfermeras alagoanas, 1973-1977

Estudo histórico-social cujo objetivo foi analisar a contribuição das enfermeiras norte-americanas do Projeto HOPE à configuração da identidade profissional das primeiras enfermeiras formadas em Alagoas, no período de 1973 a 1977. O referencial teórico foi o "Processo Civilizador" de Norbert Elias. As fontes primárias foram documentos oficiais e arquivos pessoais de 13 entrevistados via história oral temática; as secundárias foram autores da História do Brasil/Alagoas. A análise dos dados evidenciou que a configuração da identidade profissional das primeiras enfermeiras formadas em Alagoas foi um processo civilizador, com todas as nuances que compõem as relações de poder. Houve uma contribuição significativa da Enfermagem norte-americana. Entretanto o movimento de resistência a essa dominação foi muito forte, resultando num Curso que conseguiu aproveitar o avanço tecnológico e o prestígio trazido pelos Estados Unidos para construir uma Enfermagem singular, a partir do tecido social bordado neste encontro de tantas culturas diferentes.

Social-historical study conducted to examine the contribution of the American Nurses of Project HOPE to the configuration of the professional identity of the first trained nurses in Alagoas, in the period of 1973-1977. The theoretical framework was the "Civilizing Process" of Norbert Elias. Primary sources were official documents and personal files of 13 respondents by oral history; the secondary sources were authors of the History of Brazil/Alagoas. Data analysis showed that the configuration of the professional identity of the first trained nurses in Alagoas was a civilizing process, with all the nuances that make up the power relations. There was a significant contribution of American Nursing. However the movement of resistance to this domination was very strong, resulting in a Course that could take advantage of technological advancement and prestige brought by the United States, to build a unique Nursing from the social fabric embroidery at this meeting with so many different cultures.

Estudio socio histórico que objetivó analizar la contribución de las enfermeras del Proyecto Norte Americano HOPE para la formación de la identidad profesional de las primeras enfermeras formadas en Alagoas, en el período de 1973-1977. El marco teórico utilizado fue el "proceso de civilización" de Norbert Elias. Las fuentes primarias fueran los documentos oficiales y los archivos personales de los 13 encuestados por medio de la historia oral y los secundarios fueron autores de la Historia de Brasil/ Alagoas. El análisis de los datos mostró que la configuración de la identidad profesional de las primeras enfermeras formadas en Alagoas fue un proceso de civilización, con todos los matices que componen las relaciones de poder. Hubo una importante contribución de la Enfermería de los Estados Unidos de América. Sin embargo, el movimiento de resistencia a esta dominación fue muy fuerte, lo que resultó en un Curso que tomó ventaja de los avances tecnológicos y del prestigio planteado por los Estados Unidos, para construir una Enfermería única a partir del tejido social bordado en el encuentro de culturas tan diferentes.

El terremoto de 2010 en Chile: respuesta del sistema de salud y de la cooperación internacional / The 2010 earthquake in Chile: the response of the health system and international cooperation

OBJETIVO: Conocer la respuesta que dieron el sistema de salud y la cooperación internacional a la situación de catástrofe generada por el terremoto y el tsunami ocurridos el 27 de febrero de 2010 en Chile, y elaborar propuestas para mejorar las estrategias dirigidas a reducir los efectos devastadores de los desastres naturales. MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo y cualitativo con una primera fase de análisis de información secundaria -como artículos de prensa, discursos oficiales e informes técnicos- y una segunda fase de aplicación de entrevistas semi-estructuradas a actores institucionales encargados de la respuesta al desastre desde el sector salud y a usuarios del sistema de salud que actuaron como líderes y/o dirigentes en dicha respuesta. La investigación se desarrolló entre mayo y octubre de 2010 y el levantamiento de información se focalizó en las regiones Maule, Bío Bío y Metropolitana. RESULTADOS: Faltaron procedimientos para el registro, la distribución y el control de las donaciones. Los servicios de salud sufrieron daños importantes, incluida la destrucción total de 10 hospitales. Los hospitales de campaña y los equipos médicos extranjeros fueron valorados por la comunidad. El modelo de salud familiar y el compromiso del personal facilitaron la calidad de la respuesta. Si bien hubo un buen manejo sanitario, se registraron dificultades para enfrentar los problemas de salud mental por la inexistencia de planes locales y de simulacros previos. La población más afectada fue la que vivía en condiciones de pobreza. Las mujeres se convirtieron en líderes sociales organizando a la comunidad. CONCLUSIONES: Aun cuando la respuesta sanitaria frente a la emergencia fue satisfactoria, tanto el sistema de salud como la movilización de la asistencia internacional acusaron falencias que reforzaron inequidades previamente instaladas, demostrando la necesidad de construir planes preventivos multisectoriales y participativos para estar mejor preparados frente a los desastres.

OBJECTIVE: Understand the health system and international cooperation response to the catastrophic situation left by the earthquake and tsunami of 27 February 2010 in Chile, and draft proposals for improving strategies to mitigate the devastating effects of natural disasters. METHODS: Descriptive and qualitative study with a first phase involving the analysis of secondary information-such as news articles, official statements, and technical reports-and a second phase involving semistructured interviews of institutional actors in the public health sector responsible for disaster response and users of the health system who acted as leaders and/or managers of the response. The study was conducted between May and October 2010, and information-gathering focused on the Maule, Bío Bío, and Metropolitan regions. RESULTS: Procedures for recording, distributing, and controlling donations were lacking. The health services suffered significant damage, including the complete destruction of 10 hospitals. The presence of field hospitals and foreign medical teams were appreciated by the community. The family health model and the commitment of personnel helped to ensure the quality of the response. While public health management was generally good, problems dealing with mental health issues were encountered due to a lack of local plans and predisaster simulations. The poor were the most affected. Women became social leaders, organizing the community. CONCLUSIONS: Although the health response to the emergency was satisfactory, both the health system and the mobilization of international assistance suffered from weaknesses that exacerbated existing inequities, revealing the need for multisectoral participatory mitigation plans for better disaster preparedness.

Smallpox eradication and Brazil: an interview with Donald A. Henderson / A erradicação da varíola e o Brasil: uma entrevista com Donald A. Henderson

Interview with Donald A. Henderson, the U.S. physician and epidemiologist who headed the World Health Organization's Smallpox Eradication Program from 1966 to 1977. The interviewer talks about the endemic nature of smallpox in Brazil; relations between WHO, the Pan American Health Organization, and the Brazilian government; the role of Connaught Laboratories in the quality of the Brazilian smallpox vaccine; the process that brought certification of smallpox eradication in Brazil; international cooperation in eradicating smallpox and the various strategies applied; the role played by Brazilians in eradicating smallpox in India, Bangladesh, and Africa; and the future of the notion of disease eradication.

The discovery of Trypanosoma cruzi and Chagas disease (1908-1909): tropical medicine in Brazil / A descoberta do Trypanosoma cruzi e da doença de Chagas (1908-1909): medicina tropical no Brasil

This article analyzes the discovery of Chagas disease and the parasite that causes it (Trypanosoma cruzi) by Carlos Chagas in 1908/1909, with a special focus on the scientific and social context in which this occurred. Its inclusion in the international debate on European tropical medicine - especially with researchers from the German school of protozoology - and its connection with discussions on the modernization of the recently established Brazilian Republic are also examined. The discovery of Chagas disease became a decisive aspect in the scientific project that Oswaldo Cruz sought to establish at the institute that bears his name. It was extolled as a symbol of Brazil's scientific ability to produce knowledge in line with the international scientific agenda, while simultaneously being attuned to the specific problems of the country.

Analisa o contexto científico e social da descoberta, por Carlos Chagas, em 1908/1909, da doença que leva seu nome, bem como do Trypanosoma cruzi, parasito que causa esta enfermidade. Examina sua inserção no debate internacional da medicina tropical - especialmente com pesquisadores da escola alemã de protozoologia - e nas discussões sobre a modernização brasileira. A descoberta foi decisiva ao projeto de ciência que Oswaldo Cruz pretendida erigir no Instituto de Manguinhos. Foi enaltecida como símbolo da capacidade da ciência nacional em produzir conhecimentos afinados com a agenda científica internacional e, ao mesmo tempo, relacionados aos problemas específicos do Brasil.

Medicina, ciência e poder: as relações entre França, Alemanha e Brasil no período de 1919 a 1942 / Medicine, science and power: relations between France, Germany and Brazil in the period 1919-1942

A presente nota de pesquisa propõe hipóteses e enquadramentos para o estudo da dinâmica do movimento médico-científico germânico e francês que se voltou para a América Latina e, em especial, para o Brasil entre 1919 e 1942, e busca compreender em que medida concretizaram-se os esforços de cooperação intelectual e os concomitantes fluxo de idéias, modelos institucionais, agendas comuns de pesquisa e estratégias de ação destinadas a ampliar o campo de influência franco-germânica nessa parte do continente americano.

This research note proposes hypotheses and frameworks for the study of the dynamics of the German and French medical and scientific movement aimed at Latin America, and Brazil in particular, between 1919 and 1942. It also seeks to comprehend to what extent the efforts at intellectual cooperation and the concomitant flow of ideas, institutional models, common research agendas, and action strategies aimed at expanding the Franco-Germanic field of influence in this part of the American continent, were put into practice.